Energy savings.Effectiveness of use of energy sources.

Today's energy savings is one of the political priority areas and companies that focus on dynamic development, both in reducing the cost of production of their own main products, and in line with the general orientation of government programs aimed at reducing the burden of producing capacity.Energy conservation is one of the most important tasks for any of the companies that are very deep with the current enterprise, during the economic crisis.Features - Technology and Economics The consumer -centered heat supply is directly related to the subject - heat energy.However, this is not one of the specific factors that influence specific.Effective conservation of energy can significantly reduce production costs and, as a result, increases its competitiveness in the market.

There are a large number of methods for increasing the rational use of existing energy sources and capacity.And the faster the company begins to introduce energy absorption technology, the sooner it will feel the positive effects of these events, which will be expressed in certain financial indicators."About energy conservation and improving energy efficiency and amendments to certain legal actions."Legislation of duties -Implementation of Steps -steps aimed at reducing energy costs, namely:

• From January 1, 2010, a budgetary institution is obliged to ensure a decrease in comparable conditions of the volume of water consumed by it, natural gas, fuel oil, diesel and other fuel, thermal energy, electric energy over five years by at least fifteen percent of the volume thatActually consumed in 2009, each of the indicated resources with a weekly decrease in such a volume by at least three percent;
• As of January 01, 2011, the owner of the building, structure, structure and other objects, during the operation of the energy source used, was required to complete the equipment of the object with water metering, natural gas, thermal energy, electricity, electricity, and the assignment of mapping devices installed into operations;
• As of May 15, 2010, organizations with state participation, including state and municipal institutions are required to accept energy conservation programs and improve energy efficiency;
• Organizations with state participation, including state and municipal institutions are required to organize and conduct first energy inspections until December 31, 2012, subsequent energy reviews - at least once every five years.

Energy savings as a way to provide a growing need for energy and energy sources is 2-5 times more profitable than the construction of new capacity for heat and electricity production for the same purpose.For our residents, high internal energy growth rates and energy raw materials to support and develop fuel and energy complexes are unacceptable, as labor productivity and payment levels are several times lower than the most developed countries.Price growth rate cannot exceed labor productivity growth rate.Otherwise, inflation will grow in the country until the cost of energy carriers increases.The global economic crisis, which captures the world almost without a trace, attaches special interests to increased energy efficiency, as each ruble invests in the production of very effective equipment producing 8 times more jobs than ruble invested in energy production.The concept of energy increases in the country's economy should consist of 4 parts:

• Energy Conservation Program;
• Energy price stabilization (where trust and intercession should be determined between manufacturers, consumers and transitors of energy sources);
• Increase the role of renewable energy of atoms and non -traditional;
• Development of new energy technology.

In recent years, radical changes have occurred in our country, which require change of approach and psychology, make new decisions.The most important of them include: a) Cardinal changes in the field of law;b) continuous liberalization in the electric power industry and the gas industry;c) implementation of national projects;d) the emergence of global systemic deficiency of energy capacity and network economic capabilities;e) Restrictions on hydrocarbons.

Effectiveness of use of energy sources

Modern companies are interested in reducing product costs to attract customers.And to reduce costs, the entire production chain needs to be restructured, the effectiveness of the use of energy sources.This is very important, as various energy sources are used in production.It can be electric, heat and other sources.For more effective use, there are different methods.First and foremost, it is necessary to solve psychological problems, which is a serious barrier to the electric economy, that is, workers have no interest in the use of economic resources.Another problem is that the enterprise manager is not prepared to restructure the entire production process for effective use of energy resources.Therefore, the process of reducing energy costs is achieved in different ways:

• the restructuring of the enterprise and all production;
• reconstruction of production processes;
• Determine the potential of energy conservation;
• implementation of programs for effective use of energy sources;
• Company periodic technology studies.

In large enterprises with their energy conservation experts, the Energy Audit Program is organized by the involvement of experts from the regional energy conservation center.In small and medium enterprises, the Energy Audit Program was developed by experts from the Regional Energy Conservation Center or Republican.This program should have several stages:

Energy conservation potential assessment.At this stage, a detailed examination of the energy consumption of all energy users, workshops and entire enterprise for at least 5 years before the year checked.Data is processed on computers, and mathematical energy use models are built.The latter is necessary to take into account the dependence of energy consumption against performance, temperature, quality of raw materials, and more.After processing the survey results, a database was created, including the following information:

• The use of basic energy sources (fuel, electricity, heat and water), absolute and specific, is given to the main product type unit;
• The use of basic energy sources for similar attitudes, workshops and enterprises abroad (helping to create situations with energy use in the company analyzed: good, simple, bad, very bad);
• Potential conservation of energy, expressed in natural (kw · h, gj, t) and monetary calculus;
• The main way to reduce energy spending in the same domestic and foreign enterprises (methods for reaching, cost, repayment period, etc.).

Often, control exams make it possible to identify reserves for immediate energy savings (for example, improper electrical lighting operations, low equipment loading, large thermal and electricity losses, etc.).In most cases, control survey data is needed to develop energy saving strategies.Accounting Organization for Energy Use.Studies show that proper energy consumption accounting organizations can save 5 ... 10 % of energy sources without additional steps.The best results are achieved when organizing energy centers in enterprise, which contains central computers with appropriate software, delivery data networks on energy consumption and major devices (meters and sensors).

Depending on the enterprise scale and the value of energy consumption, the energy center elements should be selected.Therefore, for large enterprises (metallurgy, chemical, car), it is economically advised to create a complex and expensive energy center.Computers are relatively cheap with software easy for small enterprises.Therefore, the control organization on the use of energy resources is the first and most important step towards their rational management management:

• Identification of workshops and parts of revenge for energy sources in enterprise;
• Detailed Audit Account issued by the company with the energy supply organization;
• Identify the most energetic operating equipment mode and maintain this mode for as much time as possible;
• Strict quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of various steps -Steps in Natural (GJ, KWNC, and others) and financial terms.

Development and Implementation of Steps to reduce TED usage. Despite the differences in plant structure and their industrial methods of operation, potential energy conservation capabilities are similar in it.They can be grouped in the following categories:

• Operating and maintenance strategies;
• Strategies for modernization of equipment and technology processes;
• Strategies to replace existing equipment with new energy, lack of energy, and introduction of new technologies.

For example, the current energy consumption of the enterprise was received for the initial situation before the implementation of the Energy Conservation Program.Then, based on existing capacity analysis, control figures are set up to reduce energy consumption at the end of each stage of the energy conservation program.An important aspect of the implementation of this program is the problem of motivating enterprise staff to implement it.Information on the Energy Conservation Program should be in a form accessible to all participating entertainers.All program executives should know that they will receive real rewards in their level of implementation.When developing energy -saving measures on PP, keep in mind that there is the following storage area:

• save TER by increasing energy supply;
• Savings by increasing energy.

These steps are developed by the Power Engineer.The main one is:

The right choice of energy carriers.Each process requires such a carrier of energy that gives the greatest energy and economic impact.For example, for furnace and heating plants, direct use of fuel and electrical heating should be compared;For blacksmithing and pressing electrical equipment, compressed air and steam (if it is available in the company).Types of energy are selected by comparing the options and analyzing the following factors:

• requirements from technology (product quality changes, raw material use, etc.);
• economic differences in design and operating conditions of equipment;
• the cost of energy compared to;
• availability of equipment required;
• the time period required to replace the equipment;
• Economic Impact of Ver usage, Cost of Environmental Steps.

The cost of choice considered is determined by the Z = emergency expression + Ip+ eudpzud.e - σδzI,

Where KP is the cost of capital for installation of this technology regardless of VER installation cost;IP - operating costs without energy components;EUD - the use of specialized energy sources;P - annual product production;Zud - the cost of the above energy above;I - Effect of Ver usage.For current enterprises, the selection of options compared to current energy tariffs is allowed if the cost of the event is protected from the enterprise fund.

1. Reduces the number of energy transformation.Because every energy transformation is associated with loss, less consistent transformation of energy experiences, the higher the general efficiency.It is economically, for example, it is advisable to replace compressed air with electricity everywhere where it may be in accordance with technological conditions.
2. Development of rational energy saving schemes.Plant energy conservation schemes are complex in which individual energy carriers are interdependent and often changed.The development of a comprehensive power supply scheme, which is associated with technology and taking into account the necessary technology parameters from all energy carriers, will expose the savings reserves and show the sequence of implementation.
3. Energy Supply Unit Automation.These include steps such as heating unit automation, boiler unit, substation and television introduction and automatic control of various engines and assemblies.
4. Improve the quality of energy resources.Any changes in energy source parameters (pressure, temperature, humidity, sulfur, ash, electric quality, etc.) lead to deterioration of product quality and reduction of energy sources.

Thermal energy losses are classified into technology;commercial;emergency.This indicator is calculated in the company for a heating season, taking into account the cost of production and climate conditions last year.The percentage of losses depends on the nature of the network, the temperature graph, the pressure, the atmospheric temperature.